When a rod is heated but prevented from expanding,the stress developed is independent of

Which material has a higher Young's modulus: copper or steel?

Copper of fixed volume $V$ is drawn into a wire of length $l$. When this wire is subjected to a constant force $F$,the extension produced in the wire is $\Delta l$. Which of the following graphs is a straight line?

$A$ steel rod with $Y = 2.0 \times 10^{11} \, N/m^2$ and $\alpha = 10^{-5} \, ^\circ C^{-1}$ of length $4 \, m$ and area of cross-section $10 \, cm^2$ is heated from $0^\circ C$ to $400^\circ C$ without being allowed to extend. The tension produced in the rod is $x \times 10^5 \, N$ where the value of $x$ is ....... .

$A$ steel wire of length $4.7\; m$ and cross-sectional area $3.0 \times 10^{-5}\; m^{2}$ stretches by the same amount as a copper wire of length $3.5\; m$ and cross-sectional area of $4.0 \times 10^{-5}\; m^{2}$ under a given load. What is the ratio of the Young's modulus of steel to that of copper?

The proportional limit of steel is $8 \times 10^8 \, N/m^2$ and its Young's modulus is $2 \times 10^{11} \, N/m^2$. The maximum elongation,a one metre long steel wire can be given without exceeding the elastic limit is ...... $mm$.