Where should an object be placed in front of a concave mirror to obtain an inverted and magnified image?

$A$ pencil when dipped in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bent at the interface of air and water. Will the pencil appear to be bent to the same extent,if instead of water we use liquids like kerosene or turpentine? Support your answer with reason.

One half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper.
$(a)$ Show the formation of the image of an object placed at $2F_{1}$ of such a covered lens with the help of a ray diagram. Mention the position and nature of the image.
$(b)$ Draw the ray diagram for the same object at the same position in front of the same lens,but now uncovered. Will there be any difference in the image obtained in the two cases? Give a reason for your answer.

$A$ concave mirror can be used to obtain a parallel beam of light from a small lamp.

If the angle of incidence on a plane mirror is $30^{\circ}$,what is the angle of reflection (in $^{\circ}$)?

State the laws of reflection.