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(A) Lanthanoid contraction is primarily caused by the poor shielding effect of $4f$ electrons.As we move across the lanthanoid series,the nuclear char

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Poor shielding of one of $4f$ electron by another in the subshell

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(A) Lanthanoid contraction is primarily caused by the poor shielding effect of $4f$ electrons.As we move across the lanthanoid series,the nuclear charge increases by one unit at each step,while the additional electron enters the $4f$ subshell.The $4f$ orbitals have a very diffuse shape,which results in poor shielding of the nuclear charge for the outer electrons.Consequently,the effective nuclear charge increases,causing the atomic and ionic radii to decrease gradually.

Which of the following factors may be regarded as the main cause of lanthanide contraction?

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