Which of the following is not the correct order of inductive effect?

Which of the following $\sigma$-bonds participate in hyperconjugation?

Which of the following statements are not correct?
$a$. The energy of resonance hybrid structure is higher than that of the possible canonical structures of the molecule.
$b$. When inductive effect and electromeric effect operate in opposite directions,electromeric effect predominates.
$c$. When the $\pi$ electrons of the multiple bond are transferred to that atom to which the attacking reagent does not get attached,it is known as $+E$ effect.
$d$. The resonance structures with separation of opposite charges are more stable.

Given below are two statements:
Statement $I:$ Hyperconjugation is a permanent effect.
Statement $II:$ Hyperconjugation in ethyl cation $(CH_{3}CH_{2}^{+})$ involves the overlapping of $C_{sp^{3}}-H_{1s}$ bond with the empty $2p$ orbital of the adjacent carbon.
Choose the correct option:

The following effect is known as . . . . . .

Identify ortho and para directing groups from the following: $I. -CHO$,$II. -NHCOCH_3$,$III. -OCH_3$,$IV. -SO_3H$.