Which of the following is the evidence to show that there must be a force acting on the earth and directed towards the sun?

Two satellites of earth,$S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$,are moving in the same orbit. The mass of $S_{1}$ is four times the mass of $S_{2}$. Which one of the following statements is true?

$A$ geostationary satellite is revolving around the Earth. If the radius of the Earth is $R$ and the angular speed of the Earth about its own axis is $\omega$,then the radius of the orbit of the geostationary satellite is ($g =$ acceleration due to gravity).

Assertion $A$: An astronaut inside a massive spaceship orbiting around the Earth will experience a finite but small gravitational force.
Reason $R$: The centripetal force necessary to keep the spaceship in orbit around the Earth is provided by the gravitational force between the Earth and the spaceship.

The gravitational potential energy required to raise a satellite of mass $m$ to a height $h$ above the Earth's surface is $E_1$. Let the energy required to put this satellite into orbit at the same height be $E_2$. If $M$ and $R$ are the mass and radius of the Earth respectively,then the ratio $E_1: E_2$ is:

Spaceman Fred's spaceship (which has negligible mass) is in an elliptical orbit about Planet Bob. The minimum distance between the spaceship and the planet is $R$; the maximum distance between the spaceship and the planet is $2R$. At the point of maximum distance,Spaceman Fred is traveling at speed $v_0$. He then fires his thrusters so that he enters a circular orbit of radius $2R$. What is his new speed?