Which of the following oxidation states are t | vedclass

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(A) The $ns^2$ electrons of the outermost shell in group $14$ elements may not participate in bonding due to the inert pair effect. This effect increa

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$+2, +4$

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(A) The $ns^2$ electrons of the outermost shell in group $14$ elements may not participate in bonding due to the inert pair effect. This effect increases down the group,making the lower oxidation state $(+2)$ more stable for heavier elements. For $Sn$ (tin),the $+4$ oxidation state is more stable. For $Pb$ (lead),the $+2$ oxidation state is more stable due to the significant inert pair effect. Therefore,the most characteristic oxidation states for lead and tin are $+2$ and $+4$ respectively.

Which of the following oxidation states are the most characteristic for lead and tin respectively?

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