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(D) : Insulin is now being commercially produced by genetic engineering. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain $A$ and chain $B$,tha

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Insulin

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(D) : Insulin is now being commercially produced by genetic engineering. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain $A$ and chain $B$,that are linked together by disulphide bonds.Insulin,in mammals,is synthesized as a prohormone which contains an extra stretch called the $C$-peptide. During maturation,this $C$-peptide is removed.The production of insulin could only have been commercially possible if the maturation process of $C$-peptide was bypassed.This problem was solved in $1983$ by Eli Lilly,an American company,which prepared functional insulin from two $DNA$ sequences corresponding to $A$ and $B$ chains of human insulin and introduced them into plasmids of $E. coli$ to produce insulin chains.In this way,chains $A$ and $B$ were produced separately,extracted,and combined by creating disulfide bonds to obtain human insulin.

Which one of the following is now being commercially produced by biotechnological procedures?

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