In photosynthesis and respiration,ATP synthes | vedclass

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(C) In both photosynthesis (photophosphorylation) and respiration (oxidative phosphorylation),$ATP$ synthesis is driven by the movement of electrons t

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Electrons

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(C) In both photosynthesis (photophosphorylation) and respiration (oxidative phosphorylation),$ATP$ synthesis is driven by the movement of electrons through an electron transport chain $(ETC)$.As electrons move from a higher energy state to a lower energy state through various carriers (like cytochromes or ferredoxin),they release energy.This released energy is used to pump protons $(H^+)$ across a membrane,creating a proton gradient.The dissipation of this proton gradient through $ATP$ synthase provides the energy required to phosphorylate $ADP$ into $ATP$.Therefore,the energy for $ATP$ synthesis is derived from the movement of electrons.

Column $I$	Column $II$
$i.$ $FADH_2$	$a.$ Complex $III$
$ii.$ Ubiquinol	$b.$ Complex $IV$
$iii.$ $NADH + H^{+}$	$c.$ Complex $II$
$iv.$ Cytochrome $C$	$d.$ Complex $I$

In photosynthesis and respiration,$ATP$ synthesis occurs through oxidation processes. From where is the energy obtained for this process?

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