The reaction $RCOOR' \to RCH_2OH + R'OH$ is known as:

The decreasing order of acid strengths for the following compounds is: $Ph-OH$ $(A)$,$Ph-CH_2-OH$ $(B)$,$Ph-CO_2H$ $(C)$,$Ph-CH_2-NH_3^+$ $(D)$

When carboxylic acid reacts with organolithium reagents to give ketones,side reactions sometimes occur. For example,
$HOCH_2CH_2CH(CH_3)CH_2CH_2COOH$ $\xrightarrow[(x) \, CH_3Li]{tetrahydro\,furan}$ $\xrightarrow[NH_4Cl]{H_2O}$ $\underset{63\%}{\text{Compound } A: HOCH_2CH_2CH(CH_3)CH_2CH_2COCH_3}$ + $\underset{37\%}{\text{Compound } (B)}$
The value of $(x)$ in the above reaction is:

Which among the following substituent groups decreases the acidic strength of aromatic carboxylic acid?

Consider the following sequence of reactions. The major product $P$ is:

Formic acid can reduce