Explain the types of reactions given by alcohol compounds with examples.

(N/A) Alcohol compounds exhibit three main types of reactions:
$1$. Reactions involving the cleavage of $O-H$ bond: In these reactions,alcohols act as nucleophiles. For example,the reaction of alcohols with carboxylic acids,acid chlorides,or acid anhydrides to form esters.
$R-OH + R'COOH \xrightarrow{H^+} R-COOR' + H_2O$
$2$. Reactions involving the cleavage of $C-O$ bond: In these reactions,the $C-O$ bond breaks,and the alcohol acts as an electrophile. For example,the reaction with hydrogen halides $(HX)$ to form alkyl halides.
$R-OH + HX \rightarrow R-X + H_2O$
$3$. Reactions involving both alkyl and hydroxyl groups (Oxidation and Dehydrogenation): These reactions involve the cleavage of both $O-H$ and $C-H$ bonds. For example,the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids.
$R-CH_2OH$ $\xrightarrow{[O]} R-CHO$ $\xrightarrow{[O]} R-COOH$