How many basic steps are involved in the creation of a $GMO$?

What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis $B$ vaccine?

Given below are four statements pertaining to the separation of $DNA$ fragments using gel electrophoresis. Identify the incorrect statements:
$(a)$ $DNA$ is a negatively charged molecule and so it is loaded on the gel towards the Anode terminal.
$(b)$ $DNA$ fragments travel along the surface of the gel,whose concentration does not affect the movement of $DNA$.
$(c)$ The smaller the size of the $DNA$ fragment,the larger is the distance it travels through it.
$(d)$ Pure $DNA$ can be visualized directly by exposing it to $UV$ radiation.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

From the given combination of steps in $PCR$,identify the enzyme-dependent step.

Plant cells are bombarded with high-velocity micro-particles of ........... coated with $DNA$ in a method known as gene gun.

$I.$ In the process of recombinant $DNA$ technology,after several treatments,the purified $DNA$ is precipitated by adding chilled ethanol.
$II.$ The bacterial,plant,or animal cell is broken down by enzymes to release $DNA$,along with $RNA$,proteins,polysaccharides,and lipids.
Choose the correct option for the above statements.