$A$ : Taq Polymerase is involved in $PCR$ technique.
$R$ : This enzyme remains active during the high temperature including denaturation of double stranded $DNA$.

The method in which recombinant $DNA$ is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell by using microneedles is called:

Taking examples under each category,discuss upstream and downstream processing.

Having become an expert on gel electrophoresis,you are asked to examine a gel for a colleague. Where would you find the smallest segment of $DNA$?

Consider the following statements:
$I.$ In microinjection method,foreign $DNA$ is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell or plant cell by using microneedles or micropipettes.
$II.$ Microinjection method is used in oocytes,eggs,and embryos.
$III.$ Electroporation is the formation of temporary pores in the plasma membrane of a host cell by using lysozyme or calcium chloride.
$IV.$ In chemical-mediated gene transfer method,certain chemicals such as $CO_{2}$ help foreign $DNA$ to enter the host cell.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

$A$ recombinant $DNA$ molecule was created by ligating a gene to a plasmid vector. By mistake,an exonuclease was added to the tube containing the recombinant $DNA$. How does this affect the next step in the experiment,i.e.,bacterial transformation?