How many copies of a gene can be produced from $1$ gene through $30$ cycles of $PCR$?

In the presence of a chromogenic substrate,what color colonies do recombinants and non-recombinants produce,respectively?

Plasmid $pBR322$ has a $PstI$ restriction enzyme site within the gene $amp^R$ that confers ampicillin resistance. If this enzyme is used for inserting a gene for $\beta$-galactosidase production and the recombinant plasmid is inserted into an $E. coli$ strain:

In a mixture,$DNA$ fragments are separated by

What are the temperatures required for the three steps of the Polymerase Chain Reaction $(PCR)$ shown below?
$P \quad \quad Q \quad \quad R$

From the following tools/techniques of genetic engineering,identify those which are required for cloning a bacterial gene in animal cells and choose the correct option:
$I$. Endonuclease $II$. Ligase
$III$. $A. tumefaciens$ $IV$. Microinjection
$V$. Gene gun $VI$. Lysozyme
$VII$. Cellulase $VIII$. Electrophoresis