$A$ metal rod is fixed rigidly at two ends so as to prevent its thermal expansion. If $L$, $\alpha$, and $Y$ denote the length of the rod, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, and the Young's modulus of its material respectively, then for an increase in temperature of the rod by $\Delta T$, the longitudinal stress developed in the rod is

To double the length of an iron wire having $0.5 \, cm^2$ area of cross-section,the required force will be $(Y = 10^{12} \, dyne/cm^2)$.

Three bars having lengths $l, 2l$,and $3l$ and areas of cross-section $A, 2A$,and $3A$ are joined rigidly end to end. The compound rod is subjected to a stretching force $F$. The total increase in the length of the rod is (Young's modulus of the material is $Y$ and the bars are massless).

Two uniform rods $AB$ and $BC$ have Young's moduli $1.2 \times 10^{11} \, N/m^2$ and $1.5 \times 10^{11} \, N/m^2$ respectively. If the coefficient of linear expansion of $AB$ is $1.5 \times 10^{-5} /^{\circ}C$ and both have equal area of cross-section,then the coefficient of linear expansion of $BC$,for which there is no shift of the junction at all temperatures,is ............. $\times 10^{-5} /^{\circ}C$.

Two wires of equal length and cross-section are suspended as shown. Their Young's moduli are $Y_1$ and $Y_2$ respectively. The equivalent Young's modulus will be

In the determination of Young's modulus $\left(Y=\frac{4 MLg}{\pi \ell d^2}\right)$ by using Searle's method,a wire of length $L=2 \ m$ and diameter $d=0.5 \ mm$ is used. For a load $M=2.5 \ kg$,an extension $\ell=0.25 \ mm$ in the length of the wire is observed. Quantities $d$ and $\ell$ are measured using a screw gauge and a micrometer,respectively. They have the same pitch of $0.5 \ mm$. The number of divisions on their circular scale is $100$. The contributions to the maximum probable error of the $Y$ measurement: