Species $A$ $(-)$ and Species $B$ $(O)$ show which of the following interactions?

Animals eating plants are categorised separately as $A$,they are in a broad ecological context,not very different from $B$. Choose the correct option for $A$ and $B$.

What did Gause demonstrate regarding ecology and competition?

Which of the following is most commonly cited as a predator?

Amensalism represents which of the following interactions?

Choose the correct statements regarding population interactions between two species.
$A$. In both parasitism and commensalism, only one species benefits and the other species is harmed.
$B$. Both species benefit in mutualism.
$C$. Both species benefit in commensalism.
$D$. In parasitism, only one species benefits and the other species is harmed.
$E$. In amensalism, one species is harmed and the other is unaffected.