$A$ light beam is incident on a denser medium whose refractive index is $1.414$ at an angle of incidence $45^o$. Find the ratio of the width of the refracted beam in the medium to the width of the incident beam in air.

What is the effect on the speed and wavelength of light when a light wave is refracted from a denser medium to a rarer medium?

$A$ light beam is travelling from Region $I$ to Region $IV$ (Refer Figure). The refractive indices in Regions $I$,$II$,$III$,and $IV$ are $n_0$,$\frac{n_0}{2}$,$\frac{n_0}{6}$,and $\frac{n_0}{8}$,respectively. The angle of incidence $\theta$ for which the beam just misses entering Region $IV$ is:

If light passes near a massive object,the gravitational interaction causes a bending of the ray. This can be thought of as happening due to a change in the effective refractive index of the medium given by $n = 1 + \frac{2GM}{rc^2}$,where $r$ is the distance of the point of consideration from the centre of the mass of the massive body,$G$ is the universal gravitational constant,$M$ is the mass of the body,and $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. Considering a spherical object,find the deviation of the ray from the original path as it grazes the object.

$A$ girl standing at point $P$ on a beach wishes to reach a point $Q$ in the sea as quickly as possible. She can run at $6 \, kmh^{-1}$ on the beach and swim at $4 \, kmh^{-1}$ in the sea. She should take the path

An observer can see through a small hole on the side of a jar (radius $15\, cm$) at a point at a height of $15\, cm$ from the bottom (see figure). The hole is at a height of $45\, cm$. When the jar is filled with a liquid up to a height of $30\, cm$,the same observer can see the edge at the bottom of the jar. If the refractive index of the liquid is $N/100$,where $N$ is an integer,the value of $N$ is $.....$