After passing through the pupil, light rays fall on which part of the eye and undergo refraction?

$A$ $14$ year old student is not able to see clearly the questions written on the blackboard placed at a distance of $5\, m$ from him.
$(a)$ Name the defect of vision he is suffering from.
$(b)$ With the help of labelled ray diagrams show how this defect can be corrected.
$(c)$ Name the type of lens used to correct this defect.

Due to atmospheric refraction of light,the Sun appears to rise $................$ its actual sunrise.

Which part of the eye controls the amount of light entering it?

Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall?

Where is the image formed in an eye suffering from long-sightedness?