The Compton effect is associated with

If ${\lambda _1}$ and ${\lambda _2}$ are the wavelengths of characteristic $X$-rays and gamma rays respectively,then the relation between them is

The continuous part of $X$-ray spectrum is a result of the

$X$-rays are:

The $K_{\alpha}$ $X$-ray emission line of tungsten occurs at $\lambda = 0.021 \ nm$. The energy difference between $K$ and $L$ levels in this atom is about:

The structure of solid crystals is investigated by using