Let $A$ be a set containing $n$ elements. If $P$ and $Q$ are two subsets of $A$, then the number of ways of choosing $P$ and $Q$ such that $P \cap Q = \phi$ is:

  • A
    $2^{2n}$
  • B
    $2^n$
  • C
    $3^n - 1$
  • D
    $3^n$

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