Simplify the following switching circuit and find the corresponding Boolean expression.

Consider the statement patterns:
$A. (q \to p) \lor (p \to q)$
$B. (\sim p \lor \sim q) \leftrightarrow \sim (p \land q)$
$C. [(p \lor q) \land \sim p] \land \sim q$
$D. (p \land q) \land (\sim p \lor \sim q)$
Then identify the nature of these statement patterns.

Which of the following statements is/are not true?
$I$) If $1$ is not a prime number, then $2$ is not a prime number.
$II$) $e$ is a vowel and $12 \times 3 = 36$.
$III$) It is not true that $14$ is a composite number and $3$ is an even number.
$IV$) $\sqrt{5}$ is an irrational number, but $3 + \sqrt{5}$ is a complex number.

Which of the following statement patterns is a contradiction?
$S_{1} \equiv (p \rightarrow q) \wedge (p \wedge \sim q)$
$S_{2} \equiv [p \wedge (p$ $\rightarrow q)]$ $\rightarrow q$
$S_{3} \equiv (p \vee q) \rightarrow \sim p$
$S_{4} \equiv [p \wedge (p \rightarrow q)] \leftrightarrow q$

Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer.
"Answer this question."

The correct logical equivalences from the following are:
$(I)$ $p \to (q \to r) \equiv (p \land q) \to r$
$(II)$ $(p \to q) \to r \equiv p \to (q \lor r)$
$(III)$ $(p \to q) \to r \equiv (p \to r) \land (\sim q \to r)$
$(IV)$ $p \to (q \to r) \equiv q \to (p \to r)$