(A) $H.J. Muller$ provided the first definite experimental proof that $X$-rays can induce mutations in organisms. He demonstrated this using the fruit

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(A) $H.J. Muller$ provided the first definite experimental proof that $X$-rays can induce mutations in organisms. He demonstrated this using the fruit fly, $Drosophila \text{ } melanogaster$, in $1927$, for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize.