The formation of the oxide ion,$O^{2-}_{(g)}$ from an oxygen atom requires first an exothermic and then an endothermic step as shown below:
$O_{(g)} + e^- \to O^{-}_{(g)} ; \Delta_f H^o = -141 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$
$O^{-}_{(g)} + e^- \to O^{2-}_{(g)} ; \Delta_f H^o = +780 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$
Thus,the process of formation of $O^{2-}$ in the gas phase is unfavourable even though $O^{2-}$ is isoelectronic with neon. This is due to the fact that,

  • A
    $O^{-}$ ion has a comparatively smaller size than the oxygen atom
  • B
    oxygen is more electronegative
  • C
    addition of an electron to oxygen results in a larger size of the ion
  • D
    electron repulsion outweighs the stability gained by achieving noble gas configuration.

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