The maleness of a child is determined by

Humans have a genetic basis for sex determination.
$(a)$ Besides humans,which organisms have a genetic basis for sex determination?
$(b)$ Which chromosomes are similar in human males and females?
$(c)$ What is the function of these types of chromosomes?

Explain the following scenarios in a group of organisms,providing reasons for each:
$(a)$ Predators are more in the group.
$(b)$ Organisms survive accidentally.
$(c)$ Organisms are not able to survive in changing environmental conditions.

Which of the following statements regarding tall and dwarf pea plants is incorrect based on their genetic constitution?

Study the following cross and the self-pollination in $F_1$. Fill in the blank and answer the question that follows:
Parents: $RRYY \times rryy$
(Round,yellow) (Wrinkled,green)
$F_1$: $RrYy \times$ ?
(Round,yellow)
What are the combinations of characters in the $F_2$ progeny? What are their ratios?

$(a)$ Explain why the wing of a bat and the wing of a bird are considered to be analogous organs.
$(b)$ List two factors that lead to the formation of a new species.