The unit of Stefan-Boltzmann's constant $(\sigma)$ is:

An electric heater kept in a vacuum is heated continuously by passing an electric current. Its temperature:

Two spherical bodies of same materials having radii $0.2 \ m$ and $0.8 \ m$ are placed in the same atmosphere. The temperature of the smaller body is $800 \ K$ and the temperature of the bigger body is $400 \ K$. If the energy radiated from the smaller body is $E$,the energy radiated from the bigger body is (assume the effect of the surrounding to be negligible).

The 'Kangri' is an earthen pot used to stay warm in Kashmir during the winter months. Assume that the 'Kangri' is spherical and of surface area $7 \times 10^{-2} \,m^{2}$. It contains $300 \,g$ of a mixture of coal,wood,and leaves with a calorific value of $30 \,kJ/g$ (and provides heat with $10 \%$ efficiency). The surface temperature of the 'Kangri' is $60^{\circ}C$ and the room temperature is $0^{\circ}C$. Then,a reasonable estimate for the duration $t$ (in $h$) that the 'Kangri' heat will last is (take the 'Kangri' to be a black body).

$A$ black body surface with an area of $8 \ cm \times 4 \ cm$ emits energy at a rate of $E$ per second at a temperature of $127^{\circ}C$. If the length and width are halved and the temperature is increased to $327^{\circ}C$,find the new rate of energy emission.

Two spheres $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ have radii $R$ and $3R$ and temperatures $T$ and $T/3$ respectively. If they are coated with a material of the same emissivity, and the rate of radiation of $S_{1}$ is $E$, then the rate of radiation of $S_{2}$ is: