Three very large plates of the same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as ideal black surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained at temperatures $2\ T$ and $3\ T$ respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e.,second) plate under steady-state condition is

Define thermal radiation and radiant energy and explain Prevost's theory of heat exchange.

$A$ sphere,a cube,and a thin circular plate,all made of the same material and having the same mass,are heated to the same temperature of $200^{\circ} C$. When these are left in a room,which one reaches room temperature the fastest?

The filament of a light bulb has a surface area of $64 \ mm^2$. The filament can be considered as a black body at a temperature of $2500 \ K$,emitting radiation like a point source when viewed from afar. At night,the light bulb is observed from a distance of $100 \ m$. Assume the pupil of the observer's eye to be circular with a radius of $3 \ mm$. Then:
(Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant $= 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \ W \ m^{-2} \ K^{-4}$,Wien's displacement constant $= 2.90 \times 10^{-3} \ m \ K$,Planck's constant $= 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \ J \ s$,speed of light in vacuum $= 3.00 \times 10^8 \ m \ s^{-1}$)
$(A)$ The power radiated by the filament is in the range $642 \ W$ to $645 \ W$.
$(B)$ The radiated power entering into one eye of the observer is in the range $3.15 \times 10^{-8} \ W$ to $3.25 \times 10^{-8} \ W$.
$(C)$ The wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity of light is $1160 \ nm$.
$(D)$ Taking the average wavelength of emitted radiation to be $1740 \ nm$,the total number of photons entering per second into one eye of the observer is in the range $2.75 \times 10^{11}$ to $2.85 \times 10^{11}$.

Heat energy is incident on the surface of a material at the rate of $1000 \ J \ min^{-1}$. If the coefficient of absorption is $0.8$ and the coefficient of reflection is $0.1$,then the amount of heat energy transmitted through the material in $5$ minutes is: (in $J$)

$x$ joule of heat is incident on a body. Out of it, the total heat reflected and transmitted by it is $y$ joule. The absorption coefficient of the body is