What is the central aperture of the eye located behind the cornea called?

Sometimes you see a person reading the newspaper by placing it far away from their eyes. Which defect is the person suffering from? How can this defect be corrected?

$A$ student cannot read properly from the blackboard while sitting on the front desk in a large classroom. However,he can read clearly while sitting on the last desk of the classroom.
$(a)$ Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of the image of the blackboard writing by his eye lens when he is seated at the $(i)$ front desk,$(ii)$ last desk.
$(b)$ Name the defect of the eye from which the student is suffering.
$(c)$ Name the type of lens that would enable him to see the blackboard writing clearly when seated at the front desk. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him to see clearly.

$A$ person is unable to read a book clearly when kept at a distance of $25 \,cm$ from his eye. Name the defect. How can it be corrected? Draw ray diagrams for $(i)$ defective eye $(ii)$ corrected eye and explain them.

When white light is incident on a yellow pigment,which colors of light are reflected?

Due to atmospheric refraction of light,the Sun appears to rise $................$ its actual sunrise.