Which of the following can cause atelectasis?

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(D) Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a lobe of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung beco

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All the above

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(D) Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a lobe of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or filled with alveolar fluid. $(a)$ Blockage of small bronchi with mucous prevents air from reaching the alveoli,leading to their collapse. $(b)$ Obstruction of a major bronchus prevents air from entering a significant portion of the lung,causing that area to collapse. $(c)$ Surfactant is essential to reduce surface tension in the alveoli; its absence causes the alveoli to collapse due to high surface tension. Therefore,all the mentioned factors can lead to atelectasis.

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