Write a note on the electrophilic substitution reaction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones.

(N/A) Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo electrophilic substitution reactions in their benzene rings.
The carbonyl group ($-CHO$ or $-COCH_3$) present in these compounds is electron-withdrawing in nature due to the $-I$ and $-M$ effects.
Consequently,these groups are meta-directing and deactivate the ring towards electrophilic attack.
Examples include:
$1$. Nitration of benzaldehyde gives $m$-nitrobenzaldehyde.
$2$. Sulphonation of benzaldehyde gives $m$-benzaldehyde sulphonic acid.
$3$. Bromination,nitration,and sulphonation of acetophenone yield the corresponding $m$-substituted products.