$A$ plano-concave lens is made of glass of refractive index $1.5$ and the radius of curvature of its curved face is $100 \,cm$. What is the power of the lens?

$f_V$ and $f_R$ are the focal lengths of a convex lens for violet and red light respectively,and $F_V$ and $F_R$ are the focal lengths of a concave lens for violet and red light respectively. Then:

The objective glass of a telescope is an achromat of focal length $90\,cm$. The magnitudes of dispersive powers of the two lenses are $0.024$ and $0.036$. The focal lengths of the two lenses are:

$A$ thin convex lens of focal length $f$ made of crown glass is immersed in a liquid of refractive index $\mu_l$ $(\mu_l > \mu_c)$, where $\mu_c$ is the refractive index of the crown glass. The convex lens now acts as:

Consider a thin lens placed between a source $(S)$ and an observer $(O)$ (See figure). Let the thickness of the lens vary as $w(b) = w_0 - \alpha b^2$, where $b$ is the vertical distance from the pole. $w_0$ and $\alpha$ are constants. Using Fermat's principle, i.e., the time of transit for a ray between the source and observer is an extremum, find the condition that all paraxial rays starting from the source will converge at a point $O$ on the axis. Find the focal length.
$(ii)$ $A$ gravitational lens may be assumed to have a varying width of the form $W = K_1 \log \left( \frac{K_2}{b} \right)$ (where $b_{\min} < b < b_{\max}$). Show that an observer will see an image of a point object as a ring about the center of the lens with an angular radius $\beta = \sqrt{\frac{(n - 1)K_1 u}{v(u + v)}}$.

Write the lens maker's equation for a thin lens.