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Question

(C) The electric field $\vec{E}$ is related to the potential $V$ by the relation $\vec{E} = -
abla V$.For an equipotential surface,the potential $V$

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$90$

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(C) The electric field $\vec{E}$ is related to the potential $V$ by the relation $\vec{E} = -
abla V$.For an equipotential surface,the potential $V$ is constant at every point on the surface.Therefore,the change in potential $dV$ along any displacement $d\vec{l}$ on the surface is zero $(dV = 0)$.Since $dV = -\vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} = 0$,it implies that the electric field vector $\vec{E}$ must be perpendicular to the displacement vector $d\vec{l}$ on the surface.Thus,the electric field lines are always normal (at an angle of $90^{\circ}$) to the equipotential surface.

The angle between electric field lines and an equipotential surface is .........$^o$.

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