The phenomenon of reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere is similar to:

For a light ray to undergo total internal reflection ($i =$ angle of incidence,$i_c =$ critical angle):

$A$ point source of light is placed $4 \; m$ below the surface of water of refractive index $5/3$. The minimum diameter of a disc which should be placed over the source on the surface of water to cut-off all light coming out of water is ... $m$.

The figure shows a mixture of blue,green,and red colored rays incident normally on a right-angled prism. The critical angles of the material of the prism for red,green,and blue are $46^{\circ}$,$44^{\circ}$,and $43^{\circ}$ respectively. The arrangement will separate:

$A$ planar structure of length $L$ and width $W$ is made of two different optical media of refractive indices $n_1=1.5$ and $n_2=1.44$ as shown in the figure. If $L \gg W$,a ray entering from end $AB$ will emerge from end $CD$ only if the total internal reflection condition is met inside the structure. For $L = 9.6 \ m$,if the incident angle $\theta$ is varied,the maximum time taken by a ray to exit the plane $CD$ is $t \times 10^{-9} \ s$,where $t$ is. . . . . . . [Speed of light $c = 3 \times 10^8 \ m/s$]

$A$ light wave travelling linearly in a medium of dielectric constant $4$ is incident on the horizontal interface separating the medium from air. The angle of incidence for which the total intensity of the incident wave will be reflected back into the same medium is (Given: relative permeability of the medium $\mu_{r} = 1$) (in $^{\circ}$)