$A$ jet airplane travelling at the speed of $500 \; km \; h^{-1}$ ejects its products of combustion at the speed of $1500 \; km \; h^{-1}$ relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter with respect to an observer on the ground?

Explain this common observation clearly: If you look out of the window of a fast-moving train,the nearby trees,houses,etc.,seem to move rapidly in a direction opposite to the train's motion,but the distant objects (hilltops,the Moon,the stars,etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact,since you are aware that you are moving,these distant objects seem to move with you).

$A$ boat running downstream covers a distance of $16 \, km$ in $2 \, hours$, while for covering the same distance upstream, it takes $4 \, hours$. What is the speed of the boat in still water?

If the velocities of particles $A$ and $B$ with respect to the ground are ${\overrightarrow v _A}$ and ${\overrightarrow v _B}$ respectively,then:
$(a)$ Write the formula for the velocity of $A$ with respect to $B$.
$(b)$ Write the formula for the velocity of $B$ with respect to $A$.
$(c)$ Is the relation ${\overrightarrow v _{AB}} = -{\overrightarrow v _{BA}}$ correct?

$A$ man walking briskly in rain with speed $v$ must slant his umbrella forward making an angle $\theta$ with the vertical. $A$ student derives the following relation between $\theta$ and $v: \tan \theta = v$ and checks that the relation has a correct limit: as $v \rightarrow 0, \theta \rightarrow 0,$ as expected. (We are assuming there is no strong wind and that the rain falls vertically for a stationary man). Do you think this relation can be correct? If not,guess the correct relation.

$A$ man can swim with a speed of $4.0 \; km/h$ in still water. How long does he take to cross a river $1.0 \; km$ wide if the river flows steadily at $3.0 \; km/h$ and he makes his strokes normal to the river current? How far down the river does he go when he reaches the other bank?