The electronic configuration of the valence shell of $Cu$ is $3d^{10}4s^{1}$ and not $3d^{9}4s^{2}$. How is this configuration explained?

  • A
    Due to the stability of completely filled $d$-orbitals.
  • B
    Due to the stability of half-filled $d$-orbitals.
  • C
    Due to the exchange energy.
  • D
    Due to the lower energy of $3d$ orbitals compared to $4s$.

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Which of the following orbitals has the least energy?

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